Table 1 Summary of studies included in the meta-analysis (n = 19)
From: Sleep problems in excessive technology use among adolescent: a systemic review and meta-analysis
Reference (author, year) | country | Study design & methods | Participants (% male participants) | Case definition of technology exposure and sleep outcomes | Exposure type of technology | Age range (or Average age) | Sleep Outcomevariable |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
An, 2014 (An et al., 2014) | China | cross-sectional school-based study | n = 13,723 (48%boys) | YIAT, PSQI, MSQA | Internet use | 10.0–20.0 (15.26 ± 1.67) | Sleep quality |
Arora, 2012 (Arora et al., 2012) | UK | cross-sectional school-based study | n = 624 (35.1%boys) | SSHS, TUQ | TV viewing; Video gaming; PC/laptop; Mobiles | 11.0–18.0 | Sleep quality |
Arora, 2013 (Arora et al., 2013) | UK | cross-sectional school-based study | n = 632 (36.1%boys) | SSHS, TUQ | Computer use; Mobile telephone use; TV viewing; Video gaming | 11.0–18.0 (13.9 ± 2.0) | Sleep duration |
Arora, 2014 (Arora et al., 2014) | UK | cross-sectional study | n = 738 (54.5%boys) | SSHS, TUQ | Television; Video gaming; Mobile telephone; Music; Computer or laptop (study); Internet (social) | 11.0–13.0 | Sleep duration, sleep-onset latency, sleep problems including early awakening, difficulty falling to sleep, night awakenings |
Bruni,2015 (Bruni et al., 2015) | Italy | cross-sectional study | n = 850 (42.8%boys) | SSHS, MPIQ, SPQ, Questionnaire on the use of technology | mobile phone-related activities; Internet-related activities | 11.0–16.0 (13.53 ± 1.72) | Sleep quality |
Canan, 2013 (Fatih et al., 2013) | Turkey | cross-sectional school-based study | n = 1956 (47.5%boys) | YIAT, Questionnaire of sleep quality | Chat rooms and Internet; messaging; Web surfing; playing online games; academic activities; Other Internet activities such as e-mail checking; reading online news; watching online videos; shopping. | 14.0–18.0 (16.04 ± 1.02) | Sleep duration, sleep problems including early awakening, difficulty falling to sleep, night awakenings |
Cheung, 2010 (Cheung & Wong, 2011) | Hong Kong | school-based cross-sectional study | n = 719 (60.4%boys) | PSQI, CIAS, GHQ-12 | Internet use | 10.0–20.0 (14.70 ± 2.02) | Sleep onset latency, Sleep duration, sleep quality |
Choi, 2009 (Choi et al., 2009) | Korea | cross-sectional study | n = 2336 (57.5%boys) | YIAT, ESS | Internet use | 16.7 ± 1.0 | Sleep duration, sleep problems including early awakening, difficulty falling to sleep, night awakenings |
Hysing, 2015 (Hysing et al., 2015) | Norway | A large cross-sectional population-based survey study | n = 9846 (46.5%boys) | HBSC | PC, cell phone, MP3 player, tablet, game console and TV. | 16.0–19.0 | Sleep problems |
Jan, 2014 (Van den Bulck, 2004) | Belgium | cross-sectional study | n = 2546 | Questionnaires of media use, sleep variables, activity level. | television-viewing; Computer-game playing; Internet use | 14.76 ± 1.71 | Sleep time |
Lemola, 2014 (Lemola et al., 2014) | Switzerland | cross-sectional study | n = 362 (55.2%boys) | ISI, Media Use assess items. | TV or movies, play video games, talk on the phone or text, and spend time online on FaceBook or in chat rooms or surf the Internet | 12.0–17.0 (14.82 ± 1.26) | Sleep duration, sleep difficulties |
Liu, 2017 (Liu et al., 2017) | China | cross-sectional study | n = 1196 (53%boys) | MPAI, PSQI | mobile phone | 14.0–20.0 (16.75 ± 0.94) | Sleep quality |
Mak, 2014 (Mak et al., 2014) | Hong Kong | cross-sectional survey | n = 762 (57.6%boys) | PSQI, SQI, ESS, Questionnaires of technology use | Screen viewing | 12.0–20.0 (15.27 ± 1.70) | Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness |
Nuutinen, 2014 (Nuutinen et al., 2014) | Finland, France and Denmark. | a cross-sectional study | n = 5402 (47%boys) | HBSC | computer use | 15.61 ± 0.37 | Sleep habits |
Park, 2014 (Park, 2014) | Korean | a cross-sectional study | n = 73,238 (52.4%boys) | YIAT, Questionnaires of sleep satisfaction | PIU | 12.0–18.0 (15.06 ± 1.75) | Sleep satisfaction |
Park, 2017 (Park & Lee, 2017) | Korean | a cross-sectional study | n = 70,696 (52.4%boys) | YIAT, Questionnaires of sleep satisfaction | PIU | 12.0–18.0 (15.10 ± 1.75) | Sleep satisfaction |
Punamaki, 2006 (Punama-ki et al., 2006) | Finland | a cross-sectional study | n = 7292 (44.8%boys) | Questionnaires of ICT use and sleep habits | computer use; Mobile phone use | 12.0–18.0 | Sleeping habits |
Shochat, 2010 (Shochat et al., 2010) | Israeli | a cross-sectional study | n = 449 (50.1%boys) | SSHS, EMFQ | electronic media | 14.0 ± 0.8 | Sleep duration, sleep onset latency, sleep habits |
Tan, 2016 (Tan et al., 2016) | China | a cross-sectional study | n = 1661 (51.8%boys) | YIAT, PSQI | Internet use | 12.0–18.0 | Sleep disturbance |
Sami, 2018 (Sami et al., 2018) | Israel | a cross-sectional study | n = 631 (45.5%boys) | YIAT, CASC | Internet use | 12.0–18.0 (14.59 ± 1.53) | Sleep disturbance |
Tamura, 2017 (Tamura et al., 2017) | Japan | a cross-sectional study | n = 295 (58.6%boys) | Questionnaires of mobile phone use, AIS | Mobile phone use | 15.0–19.0 (16.2 ± 0.9) | Insomnia |
Hawi, 2018 (Hawi et al., 2018) | Lebanon | a cross-sectional study | n = 524 (47.9%boys) | Questionnaires of sleep habit, IGD-20 Test | Internet game | 15.0–19.0 (16.2 ± 1.0) | Sleep duration, sleep disturbance |
Kim, 2018 (Kim et al., 2018) | Korea | a cross-sectional study | n = 57,426 (50.3%boys) | KYRBWS | Internet use | 12.0–15.0 (13.5) | Sleep Satisfaction |