Table 1 Major underlying diseases of abnormal behaviors during sleep (ABDS)
Disease categories | Representative ABDS |
|---|---|
Sleep disordersa | |
Insomnia | movements associated with sleep arousals |
Sleep-related breathing disorders | occasional flailing movements associated with apneic arousals |
Central disorders of hypersomnolence | narcolepsy with “negative” and “active” movement abnormalities |
Parasomnias | NREM/REM parasomnias, status dissociatus |
Sleep-related movement disorders | restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, sleep-related leg cramp, sleep-related bruxism, fasciomandibular myoclonus, sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder, benign sleep myoclonus of infancy, propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset |
Sleep-related medical and neurological disorders | sleep-related epilepsy |
Other sleep disorders | anti-IgLON5 disease, ADCY5-associated disease, benign nocturnal alternating hemiplegia of childhood |
Isolated symptoms or normal variants | excessive fragmentary myoclonus, hypnagogic foot tremor, alternating leg muscle activation, high frequency leg movements, hypnic jerk, neck myoclonus during sleep |
Psychiatric disorders | |
Delirium | consciousness disturbance, hyperactivity, nocturnal insomnia, sleep-wake cycle disturbance, nightmare |
Panic disorder | panic attacks during NREM sleep |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | insomnia, nightmare |
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures | epileptic seizure-like symptoms during waking |
Dissociative (conversion) disorders | amnesia, fugue, stupor, motor disorders, convulsion |