Table 1 Descriptive statistics of demographic, behavioural and biological characteristics by sex and cardio-metabolic risk

 Age (years)

52.0 (6.9)

53.9 (7.5)

0.165

51.9 (7.4)

53.9 (6.3)

0.112

 Marital status (Married/Co-habiting) ^b

54.5 (54)

55.0 (22)

0.648

46.7 (42)

69.4 (34)

0.040

 Level of education (formal education) ^b

94.9 (94)

97.5 (39)

0.978

95.6 (96)

95.9 (47)

0.766

 Employed (Yes) ^b

27.3 (27)

27.5 (11)

0.567

73.3 (66)

71.4 (35)

0.844

 SES Quintile

3.6 (1.3)

3.5 (1.3)

0.652

3.4 (1.3)

4.0 (1.3)

0.008

 People/room

0.86 (0.75)

0.69 (0.78)

0.065

0.79 (0.75)

0.83 (0.88)

0.220

 People/bedroom

1.67 (1.25)

1.37 (1.00)

0.040

1.50 (1.25)

1.67 (1.0)

0.330

  Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/day)

1.29 (1.00)

1.14 (0.00)

0.070

1.14 (1.00)

1.29 (2)

0.194

  Sugar sweetened beverages (servings/day)

0.29 (0.10)

0.29 (0.00)

0.010

0.29 (0.00)

0.29 (1.00)

0.131

  Alcohol & Tobacco use (both current; Yes)

8.1 (8)

45.0 (18)

< 0.001

18.9 (17)

18.4 (9)

0.972

   Total

458 (67)

456 (106)

0.901

456 (73)

460 (92)

0.818

   Nocturnal^a

434 (61)

411 (72)

0.054

425 (60)

431 (73)

0.639

     < 7 h/day

32.3 (32)

40.0 (16)

0.666

31.1 (28)

40.8 (20)

0.115

    7–9 h/day

52.5 (52)

45.0 (18)

56.7 (51)

38.8 (19)

     > 9 h/day

15.2 (15)

15.0 (6)

12.2 (11)

20.4 (10)

     < 7 h/night

45.5 (45)

50.0 (22)

0.546

45.6 (41)

53.1 (26)

0.122

    7–9 h/night

50.5 (50)

40.0 (16)

52.2 (47)

38.8 (19)

     > 9 h/night

4.0 (4)

5.0 (2)

2.2 (2)

8.2 (4)

   Wake after sleep onset (minutes)

54 (16)

44 (17)

0.001

51 (18)

51 (15)

0.839

   Sleep efficiency (%)

87.6 (4.2)

89.5 (4.6)

0.017

88.2 (4.6)

88.0 (3.9)

0.789

    Achieved ≥85% ^b

79.8 (79)

82.5 (33)

0.816

80.0 (72)

81.6 (40)

1.000

   Activity counts during sleep (counts)

35,057 (9223)

27,448 (9223)

0.001

32,633 (9223)

33,298 (9223)

0.761

   Sleep fragmentation index (%)

26.7 (7.0)

28.2 (6.6)

0.243

26.5 (6.9)

28.3 (6.8)

0.151

   Within-person total sleep time SD (minutes) ^a

85 (51)

91 (92)

0.266

86 (53)

88 (63)

0.968

  VM counts/day (×  10⁶)

2.49 (0.63)

2.00 (0.77)

< 0.001

2.33 (0.75)

2.38 (0.60)

0.669

  Ambulation (steps/day)

14,288 (3691)

15,132 (6492)

0.443

14,470 (432)

14,681 (4378)

0.838

 Females (Yes)

–

–

–

65.6 (59)

81.6 (40)

0.052

 Waist circumference (cm)

93.0 (16.3)

80.8 (9.7)

< 0.001

83.5 (14.0)

100.7 (12.4)

< 0.001

 Body mass index (kg/m²)

30.4 (7.6)

21.7 (3.8)

< 0.001

25.3 (6.9)

32.6 (7.2)

< 0.001

  Under- weight (< 18.5 kg/m²)

3.0 (3)

17.5 (7)

< 0.001

10.0 (9)

2.0 (1)

< 0.001

  Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m²)

21.2 (21)

55.0 (22)

43.3 (39)

8.2 (4)

  Overweight (25–29.99 kg/m²)

23.2 (23)

27.5 (11)

24.4 (22)

24.5 (12)

  Obese (≥30 kg/m²)

52.5 (52)

0.0 (0.0)

22.2 (20)

65.3 (32)

 Conicity Index

1.23 (0.10)

1.23 (0.08)

0.940

1.20 (0.09)

1.29 (0.08)

< 0.001

 HIV status (Yes) ^b

22.2 (22)

25.0 (10)

0.824

28.9 (26)

12.2 (6)

0.034

 Resting SBP (mmHg)

126 (20)

126 (24)

0.870

120 (17)

138 (22)

< 0.001

 Resting DBP (mmHg)

81 (11)

78 (13)

0.157

77 (11)

86 (12)

< 0.001

 MAP (mmHg)

96 (13)

94 (16)

0.384

91 (12)

104 (14)

< 0.001

 Parity ^a,^d

4 (2)

–

–

4 (2)

4 (3)

0.775

 Total Cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.10 (1.36)

3.72 (1.30)

0.139

4.00 (1.44)

3.98 (1.15)

0.972

 HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.10 (0.47)

1.07 (0.52)

0.865

1.16 (0.53)

0.95 (0.34)

0.007

 LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/l)

2.51 (1.10)

2.15 (0.96)

0.072

2.40 (1.14)

2.40 (0.95)

0.997

 Triglyceride (mmol/l)

1.10 (0.58)

1.10 (0.61)

0.959

0.95 (0.47)

1.38 (0.68)

< 0.001

 Glucose (mmol/l)

5.32 (1.89)

5.41 (1.86)

0.811

4.85 (1.26)

6.26 (2.42)

< 0.001

 Insulin (μIU/ml) ^a

6.91 (7.75)

3.14 (5.61)

0.001

4.12 (6.27)

7.60 (7.05)

0.001

 HOMA-IR ^a

1.51 (1.91)

0.71 (1.72)

0.003

0.90 (1.53)

2.09 (1.96)

0.003

  Q1 (≤0.82)

–

–

–

42.2 (38)

16.3 (8)

0.002

  Q2 (0.83–2.09)

–

–

33.3 (30)

34.7 (17)

  Q3 (2.10)

–

–

24.4 (22)

49.0 (24)

  No risk factor

11.1 (11)

12.5 (5)

0.006

–

–

–

  1 risk factor

15.2 (15)

42.5 (17)

–

–

  2 risk factors

33.3 (33)

22.5 (9)

–

–

   ≥ 3 risk factors

40.4 (40)

22.5 (9)

–

–

 Waist circumference (male: ≥86 cm, females: ≥92 cm)

58.6 (58)

35.0 (14)

0.015

31.1 (28)

89.8 (44)

< 0.001

 Blood pressure (SBP: ≥135 mmHg, DBP: ≥85 mmHg)

42.4 (42)

50.0 (20)

0.266

27.8 (25)

75.5 (37)

< 0.001

 HDL-Cholesterol (male:< 1 mmol/, female< 1.3 mmol/l)

72.7 (72)

45.0 (18)

0.003

53.3 (48)

85.7 (42)

< 0.001

 Triglyceride ≥1.7 mmol/l))

15.2 (15)

7.5 (3)

0.276

5.6 (5)

26.5 (13)

0.001

 Glucose (≥5.6 mmol/l)

19.2 (19)

27.5 (11)

0.362

11.1 (10)

40.8 (20)

< 0.001

 Metabolic Syndrome z-score

7.7 (−7.3; 9.4)^c

6.1 (−4.5; 6.6)

< 0.001

−1.17 (2.50) ^a

2.21 (1.97)

0.599