Table 1 Descriptive statistics by sex
|  | All (n = 139) | Female (n = 99) | Male (n = 40) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52.6 (7.1) | 52.0 (6.9) | 53.9 (7.5) | 0.165 |
SES Quintile | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.5 (1.3) | 0.652 |
Sugar sweetened beverages (servings/day) a | 0.29 (0.00) | 0.29 (0.10) | 0.29 (0.00) | 0.010 |
Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/day) a | 1.29 (0.71) | 1.29 (1.00) | 1.14 (0.36) | 0.070 |
Marital status (Married/Co-habiting) b | 54.7 (76) | 54.5 (54) | 55.0 (22) | 0.648 |
Housing density (people/bedroom) a | 1.50 (1.25) | 1.67 (1.25) | 1.37 (1.00) | 0.040 |
Alcohol & Tobacco use (both current; Yes) b | 18.7 (26) | 8.1 (8) | 45.0 (18) |  < 0.001 |
Hypertension and diabetes present (both concurrent; Yes) b | 11.5 (16) | 12.1 (12) | 10.0 (4) | 0.939 |
HIV status (Yes) b | 23.0 (32) | 22.2 (22) | 25.0 (10) | 0.824 |
Self-reported sleep (hours/night) | 9.2 (1.5) | 9.0 (1.5) | 9.7 (1.4) | 0.0204 |
Objectively-measured Sleep Indices | ||||
 Total Sleep Time (minutes/day) | 457 (80) | 458 (67) | 456 (106) | 0.901 |
 Wake after Sleep Onset (minutes) | 51 (17) | 54 (16) | 44 (17) | 0.001 |
 Sleep Fragmentation Index ( %) | 27.1 (6.9) | 26.7 (7.0) | 28.2 (6.6) | 0.243 |
 Sleep Efficiency (%) | 88.2 (4.4) | 87.6 (4.2) | 89.5 (4.6) | 0.017 |
 Activity Counts (counts) | 32 868 (12 231) | 35 058 (12 135) | 27 448 (10 818) | 0.001 |
Categories of sleep patterns b | ||||
 Total Sleep Time vs. Activity Counts: | ||||
  Short sleep – low to moderate AC | 21.6 (30) | 21.2 (21) | 22.5 (9) | 0.997 |
  Short sleep – high AC | 11.5 (16) | 12.1 (12) | 10.0 (4) |  |
  Moderate sleep – low to moderate AC | 23.0 (32) | 23.2 (23) | 22.5 (9) |  |
  Moderate sleep – high AC | 10.8 (15) | 10.1 (10) | 12.5 (5) |  |
  Long sleep – low to moderate AC | 22.3 (31) | 22.2 (22) | 22.5 (9) |  |
  Long sleep – high AC | 10.8 (15) | 11.1 (11) | 10.0 (4) |  |
 Exposure to Short sleep – high AC b | ||||
  No exposure | 57.6 (80) | 55.6 (55) | 62.5 (25) | 0.709 |
  1 bout | 26.7 (37) | 27.3 (27) | 25.0 (10) |  |
  ≥ 2 bouts | 15.8 (22) | 17.2 (17) | 12.5 (5) |  |
Objectively-measured Physical Activity | ||||
 VM counts/day (× 106) | 2.35 (0.70) | 2.49 (0.63) | 2.00 (0.77) |  < 0.001 |
 Steps per day | 14 531 (4662) | 14 288 (3691) | 15 132 (6492) | 0.443 |
Conicity Index | 1.23 (0.10) | 1.23 (0.10) | 1.23 (0.08) | 0.940 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.5 (15.7) | 93.0 (16.3) | 80.8 (9.7) |  < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.9 (7.8) | 30.4 (7.6) | 21.7 (3.8) |  < 0.001 |
Body mass index categories b | ||||
 Under- weight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 7.2 (10) | 3.0 (3) | 17.5 (7) |  < 0.001 |
 Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 30.9 (43) | 21.2 (21) | 55.0 (22) |  |
 Overweight (25 – 29.99 kg/m2) | 24.5 (34) | 23.2 (23) | 27.5 (11) |  |
 Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 37.4 (52) | 52.5 (52) | 0.0 (0.0) |  |
MetS z-Score c | 7.2 (-7.3; 9.4) | 7.7 (-7.3; 9.4) | 6.1 (-4.5; 6.6) |  < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR d | 1.32 (2.47) | 1.51 (2.37) | 0.96 (2.54) | 0.003 |