Table 1 Variables used in the path model

QoL1

Satisfaction with residence. The housing satisfaction variable was developed based on responses to the question “How do you rate your overall satisfaction regarding your current residence?” The question used a five-point scale (1 to 5) from very dissatisfied to very satisfied

QoL2

Income satisfaction. The income satisfaction variable was based on the question “Is your household able to make ends meet, namely, to pay for its usual necessary expenses?” The question used a five point scale (1 to 5) from very dissatisfied to very satisfied

QoL3

Number of sleeping hours. The number of sleep hours variable was based on the question ‘How many hours do you usually sleep every day?”

QoL4

Subjective sleep quality. The sleep quality variable was based on the question “How do you rate the quality of your sleep at night?” The question used a five point scale (1 to 5) from very bad to very well

QoL5

Satisfaction with work-life balance. The work-life balance variable was based on the question “How satisfied are you with the current balance between your job and home life?” The question used a five point scale (1 to 5) from very dissatisfied to very satisfied

QoL6

Subjective physical health. The subjective physical health variable is self- assessment of current health status, resulted from the question “In general, how do you assess your current health status?” The question used a five point scale (1 to 5) from poor to excellent

QoL7

Subjective obesity. The subjective obesity question asked respondents “In your opinion, to what extent do you consider yourself obese?” The question used a five point scale (1 to 5) from not obese to very obese

QoL8

Subjective mental health. This is a composite of eight subjective mental health-related items: worry or anxiety, remembering things, sleeping problems, physical pain, fear, loneliness, boredom, and emotionally stressed. The questions asked “During the past four weeks, how much of a problem did you have with the following?” All questions used a five point scale (1 to 5) from not at all to a great extent

QoL9

Frequency of eating healthy food. This variable was based on the question “How often do you think you eat a healthy diet?” The question used a five point scale (1 to 5) from never to all the time

QoL10

Physical and sport activities. This variable was based on the question “How often do you do physical exercise (minimum of 30 min) in the last 4–6 months?” The question used a five point scale (1 to 5) from never to daily

QoL11

Satisfaction with social connections. This is a composite of three variables focused on satisfaction with social relationship with family and friends. All questions used a five point scale (1 to 5) very dissatisfied to very satisfied

QoL12

Satisfaction with surrounding environment. This is a composite of three variables measuring satisfaction with air quality, noise pollution, and surrounding environment. All questions used a five point scale (1 to 5) very dissatisfied to very satisfied

QoL13

Amount of time online. This variable was based on the question “On average how many hours do you usually spend online a day?”